It seeks integration of core attributes-usefulness, sensitivity, timeliness, and stability into health systems. Annex 2 acts as a decision-making framework for the assessment and notification of such events, delivering core elements of a surveillance and response system (SRS). State parties are required to carry out assessment of public health events within their borders that can develop into a public health emergency of international concern. Through the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005), endorsing countries have agreed to build their capacities to detect, assess, and report public health events to strengthen global health security. Establishing effective VBD monitoring and surveillance is of paramount importance for the prevention of and timely response to VBD outbreaks now and in the future. Research suggests that climate change will lead to a higher incidence and wider geographic spread of VBDs in explicit regions by the disruption of complex ecological systems that determine vector and pathogen distribution, contributing to uncertain future scenarios. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights climate change as an important risk factor to global health security, including the associated distribution and occurrence of VBDs. VBDs present with complex transmission dynamics, influenced by multiple interconnected indicators including the climate, environmental variation, and vector and pathogen distribution. Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) account for more than 17% of global infectious disease burdens and contribute to emerging and re-emerging disease threats, causing concern within the global public health community. Opportunities exist for population-based health promotion and the integration of environment and climate monitoring in vector-borne disease surveillance. Conclusions: A robust network of centralised institutions provides the continuity and flexibility needed to adapt and manage possible vector-borne disease threats. Response toward a vector-borne disease outbreak is uncommon in this setting due to the currently low occurrence of outbreaks. Public health authorities use internet reporting networks to determine vector-borne disease risk across Beijing. Results: Vector-borne disease surveillance occurs using passive syndromic surveillance and separate vector surveillance. ![]() Methods: In this qualitative study, eleven experts working in Beijing’s vector-borne diseases surveillance and response system were interviewed about vector-borne disease surveillance, early warning, response, and strengths and weaknesses of the current approach. ![]() Therefore, this study qualitatively analyses the nature and flexibility of VBD surveillance and response in Beijing. As a first step to optimise VBD surveillance and monitoring, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of system characteristics and experiences in to date non-endemic regions at risk of becoming endemic in the future. Although international regulations exist to support this, barriers and operational challenges within countries hamper efficient monitoring. ![]() Effective monitoring and surveillance of VBDs is of paramount importance for the prevention of and timely response to outbreaks. Background: Climate change may contribute to higher incidence and wider geographic spread of vector borne diseases (VBDs).
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